Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 331 kt: 50% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Arab Emirates (29%) and the Netherlands (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (15%), the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway51 kt (est. 15%)United States37 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom18 kt (est. 6%)Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)Brazil14 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins33 kt (est. 10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data95 kt (29%)Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.8 kt (2%)Belgium (own refineries)165 kt (50%)United Arab Emirates95 kt (29%)Netherlands70 kt (21%)Belgium: jet fuel supply331 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Netherlands
- Norway51 kt (est. 15%)
- United States37 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom18 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil14 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins33 kt (est. 10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data95 kt (29%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.8 kt (2%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 165,300 | 50.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 95,000 | 28.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 70,400 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 95,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,569 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,671 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,895 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,552 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,846 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16,155 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,614 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,586 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,237 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,730 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,073 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,212 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,903 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,651 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,467 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,822 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,774 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,941 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (95,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (23,895 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,822 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.