Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 371 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (26%), the Netherlands (23%) and China (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (6%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States46 kt (est. 12%)Norway46 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom23 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 6%)Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)Brazil12 kt (est. 3%)Democratic Republic of the Congo11 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 11%)Kuwait: no crude data97 kt (26%)China: no crude data29 kt (8%)Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)160 kt (43%)Kuwait97 kt (26%)Netherlands84 kt (23%)China29 kt (8%)Germany2.0 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply371 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Netherlands
- China
- Germany
- United States46 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway46 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom23 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil12 kt (est. 3%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo11 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 11%)
- Kuwait: no crude data97 kt (26%)
- China: no crude data29 kt (8%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 159,500 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 97,100 | 26.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 83,900 | 22.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 28,900 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 97,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,114 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 29,179 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 28,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,494 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,498 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,908 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,578 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,172 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,422 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,880 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,740 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,440 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,197 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,131 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,555 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,280 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,022 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,863 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,182 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 746 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 465 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 420 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 339 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 275 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 185 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 109 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 106 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 92 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 9 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (97,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (28,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,908 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,280 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,019 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (109 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.