Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 316 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (42%) and Kuwait (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
United States72 kt (est. 23%)Norway53 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom26 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)Brazil22 kt (est. 7%)Iraq21 kt (est. 7%)Democratic Republic of the Congo10 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins42 kt (est. 13%)Kuwait: no crude data20 kt (6%)Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)164 kt (52%)Netherlands133 kt (42%)Kuwait20 kt (6%)Belgium: jet fuel supply316 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- United States72 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway53 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom26 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil22 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 7%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo10 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins42 kt (est. 13%)
- Kuwait: no crude data20 kt (6%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 163,500 | 51.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 132,500 | 42.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 19,700 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 38,806 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,385 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,319 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,274 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,898 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 19,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,964 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 14,050 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 14,008 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,900 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,594 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 13,536 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,818 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,290 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,098 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,360 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,204 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,216 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,280 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (19,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (14,964 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,204 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,280 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.