Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 311 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (9%) and France (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States61 kt (est. 19%)Norway59 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom19 kt (est. 6%)Iraq19 kt (est. 6%)Brazil17 kt (est. 5%)Libya12 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins65 kt (est. 21%)Belgium: crude origin not reported12 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data4.4 kt (1%)United Kingdom: no crude data3.9 kt (1%)Norway: no crude data3.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)243 kt (78%)Netherlands29 kt (9%)France21 kt (7%)Germany5.7 kt (2%)Singapore4.4 kt (1%)United Kingdom3.9 kt (1%)Norway3.8 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply311 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
- Singapore
- United Kingdom
- Norway
- United States61 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway59 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom19 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq19 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil17 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya12 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins65 kt (est. 21%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported12 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.4 kt (1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data3.9 kt (1%)
- Norway: no crude data3.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 243,400 | 78.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 28,900 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 20,900 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,700 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,400 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: petrol supply | 3,900 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium: petrol supply | 3,800 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 56,424 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 50,260 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 46,632 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,310 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,979 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,857 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,694 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,792 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,449 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,575 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,420 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,297 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,990 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 3,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,369 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,229 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,662 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,454 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,294 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,192 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,093 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,773 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 1,670 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,510 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,347 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,112 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 907 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 888 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 723 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 719 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 686 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 681 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 676 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 576 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 249 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 233 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 91 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 37 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 24 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 22 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (11,792 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (3,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Norway: no crude data (3,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,745 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (748 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.