Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 251 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (35%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway50 kt (est. 20%)United States45 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom19 kt (est. 8%)Iraq17 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria17 kt (est. 7%)Libya11 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins46 kt (est. 18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)164 kt (65%)Netherlands87 kt (35%)Belgium: jet fuel supply251 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Norway50 kt (est. 20%)
- United States45 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom19 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq17 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria17 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins46 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 163,500 | 65.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 87,100 | 34.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,483 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 34,648 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,796 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,970 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18,006 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 15,450 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 12,762 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,861 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,589 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,933 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,833 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,092 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,930 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,847 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,519 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,242 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 3,290 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,189 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,160 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,519 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (3,290 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.