Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 361 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (7%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway69 kt (est. 19%)United States55 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 6%)Iraq21 kt (est. 6%)Libya16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins70 kt (est. 19%)United Kingdom: no crude data27 kt (7%)Belgium: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data4.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)295 kt (82%)United Kingdom27 kt (7%)Netherlands27 kt (7%)Germany8.1 kt (2%)Singapore4.8 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply361 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Singapore
- Norway69 kt (est. 19%)
- United States55 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins70 kt (est. 19%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data27 kt (7%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 294,900 | 81.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: petrol supply | 27,000 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 26,500 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 8,100 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,800 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 65,803 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 62,494 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 48,332 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 39,627 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,393 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,099 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,915 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,304 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,934 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,478 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,701 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,883 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,992 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,766 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,083 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,679 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,664 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,595 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,331 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 970 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 888 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 869 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 851 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 851 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 837 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 353 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 339 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 258 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 212 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (5,934 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,530 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (611 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.