Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 438 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%), Spain (6%) and Sri Lanka (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway77 kt (est. 18%)United States64 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 7%)Canada26 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom23 kt (est. 5%)Iraq20 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins98 kt (est. 22%)Sri Lanka: no crude data22 kt (5%)Belgium: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data5.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)334 kt (76%)Netherlands49 kt (11%)Spain27 kt (6%)Sri Lanka22 kt (5%)Singapore5.3 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply438 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Singapore
- Norway77 kt (est. 18%)
- United States64 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 7%)
- Canada26 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom23 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins98 kt (est. 22%)
- Sri Lanka: no crude data22 kt (5%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 334,200 | 76.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 48,900 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: petrol supply | 27,400 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sri Lanka | Belgium: petrol supply | 22,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,300 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 73,179 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 68,151 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 50,626 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 47,981 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 27,476 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,987 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Sri Lanka: no crude data | Sri Lanka | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 17,677 | 64.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,393 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,713 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,937 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,620 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,457 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,663 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,654 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,455 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,040 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 3,782 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,516 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,063 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,279 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,139 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,909 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,380 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,233 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 1,064 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 125 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Sri Lanka: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (6,654 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,040 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,063 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.