Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 292 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (35%) and Kuwait (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway56 kt (est. 19%)United States46 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 14%)Canada18 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom17 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 5%)Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins48 kt (est. 16%)Kuwait: no crude data32 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)158 kt (54%)Netherlands103 kt (35%)Kuwait32 kt (11%)Belgium: jet fuel supply292 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Norway56 kt (est. 19%)
- United States46 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 14%)
- Canada18 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom17 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria14 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins48 kt (est. 16%)
- Kuwait: no crude data32 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 157,700 | 54.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 102,900 | 35.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 31,600 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,674 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,465 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 31,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,117 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,674 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20,351 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,568 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,650 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 11,655 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,533 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,505 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,342 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,318 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 6,786 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,174 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,654 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,893 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,853 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,388 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (31,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,174 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,388 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.