Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 465 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (14%), Saudi Arabia (8%) and Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway90 kt (est. 19%)United States70 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan66 kt (est. 14%)Canada30 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria28 kt (est. 6%)Libya20 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins92 kt (est. 20%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data4.9 kt (1%)Belgium (own refineries)330 kt (71%)Netherlands66 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia37 kt (8%)Spain26 kt (5%)Singapore4.9 kt (1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply465 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway90 kt (est. 19%)
- United States70 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan66 kt (est. 14%)
- Canada30 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria28 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya20 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins92 kt (est. 20%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.9 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 330,300 | 71.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 66,300 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: petrol supply | 36,600 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: petrol supply | 25,500 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,900 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 76,813 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 66,224 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,702 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,774 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 36,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,155 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,756 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,127 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 14,250 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,112 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,608 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,842 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,279 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,083 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,509 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 4,373 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,978 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 3,375 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,906 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,519 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,034 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,864 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 1,764 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,493 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,439 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 167 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 165 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 145 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 143 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 123 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 119 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 108 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 81 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 36 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (36,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,966 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.