Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 281 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (32%) and the United Arab Emirates (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), Kazakhstan (15%) and the United States (14%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway51 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 15%)United States40 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom17 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)Brazil13 kt (est. 5%)Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 20%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (5%)Oman: no crude data10 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)166 kt (59%)Netherlands90 kt (32%)United Arab Emirates15 kt (5%)Oman10 kt (4%)Belgium: jet fuel supply281 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Oman
- Norway51 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 15%)
- United States40 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom17 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil13 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 20%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (5%)
- Oman: no crude data10 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 165,900 | 59.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 89,800 | 32.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 14,900 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 10,200 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 48,190 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,936 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,706 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,801 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 17,537 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 14,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,213 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,734 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,328 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 10,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,172 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,983 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,921 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,465 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,037 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,999 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,135 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,332 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,628 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,583 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (14,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (10,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,465 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,583 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.