Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 282 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (36%), China (8%) and the South Korea (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), Kazakhstan (14%) and the United States (13%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway49 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 14%)United States37 kt (est. 13%)Brazil18 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 4%)Angola11 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins37 kt (est. 13%)China: no crude data23 kt (8%)South Korea: no crude data21 kt (8%)Belgium: crude origin not reported9.6 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data4.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)125 kt (44%)Netherlands101 kt (36%)China23 kt (8%)South Korea21 kt (8%)Spain7.7 kt (3%)Kuwait4.6 kt (2%)Belgium: jet fuel supply282 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- China
- South Korea
- Spain
- Kuwait
- Norway49 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 14%)
- United States37 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil18 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 4%)
- Angola11 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins37 kt (est. 13%)
- China: no crude data23 kt (8%)
- South Korea: no crude data21 kt (8%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported9.6 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data4.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 124,700 | 44.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 101,000 | 35.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 22,600 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 21,200 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 7,700 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 4,600 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,701 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,242 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 22,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 21,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 20,723 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,550 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,779 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,669 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,131 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,219 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 9,677 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,598 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,231 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,708 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,365 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,245 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,848 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,660 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,398 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 4,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,946 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 3,147 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,266 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 964 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 856 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 811 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Spain | 292 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 247 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 69 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 58 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (22,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (21,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (9,598 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,245 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (4,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (811 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.