Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 436 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (22%) and France (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), Kazakhstan (17%) and the United States (15%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway91 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 17%)United States64 kt (est. 15%)Brazil29 kt (est. 7%)Angola23 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins74 kt (est. 17%)Belgium: crude origin not reported23 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data4.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)300 kt (69%)Netherlands98 kt (22%)France25 kt (6%)Spain7.5 kt (2%)Singapore4.8 kt (1%)Germany1.4 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply436 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Spain
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway91 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 17%)
- United States64 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil29 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola23 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins74 kt (est. 17%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported23 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 299,500 | 68.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 98,000 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 25,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: petrol supply | 7,500 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,800 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 1,400 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 68,932 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,822 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 49,355 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 37,634 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,051 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 20,108 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,191 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,512 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,689 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,682 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,593 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,964 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,856 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 9,389 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,107 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,987 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,059 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 5,854 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,675 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,152 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,844 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 3,053 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,341 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,947 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 1,842 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,233 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 947 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 939 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 834 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 786 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 565 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 487 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 285 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 275 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 241 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 197 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 186 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 183 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 131 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 130 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 104 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 67 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 64 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 57 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 33 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 8 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 8 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (23,051 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,059 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,545 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (235 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.