Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 324 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (40%), China (22%) and Kuwait (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway46 kt (est. 14%)United States37 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 10%)Brazil17 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)Iraq7.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins32 kt (est. 10%)China: no crude data71 kt (22%)Kuwait: no crude data34 kt (11%)South Korea: no crude data8.7 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)77 kt (24%)Netherlands131 kt (40%)China71 kt (22%)Kuwait34 kt (11%)South Korea8.7 kt (3%)Spain2.5 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply324 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Belgium (own refineries)
- China
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- Spain
- Norway46 kt (est. 14%)
- United States37 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil17 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq7.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins32 kt (est. 10%)
- China: no crude data71 kt (22%)
- Kuwait: no crude data34 kt (11%)
- South Korea: no crude data8.7 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 130,700 | 40.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 76,700 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| China | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 70,900 | 21.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 34,300 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 8,700 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 2,500 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 70,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 34,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 28,591 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 27,332 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 18,388 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,185 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,787 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,916 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,472 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 10,937 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,558 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,024 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 8,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,643 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,584 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,196 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,287 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,224 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,717 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,498 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,205 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 898 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 394 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 279 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 267 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 173 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 165 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 103 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 33 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 31 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 14 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (70,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (34,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (8,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,584 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (6,287 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (913 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.