Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 291 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (28%) and Germany (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), Kazakhstan (16%) and the United States (15%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway61 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 16%)United States42 kt (est. 15%)Brazil21 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom13 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)Guyana9.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 19%)Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data4.6 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)157 kt (54%)Netherlands82 kt (28%)Germany39 kt (13%)France8.4 kt (3%)Singapore4.6 kt (2%)Belgium: petrol supply291 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- France
- Singapore
- Norway61 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 16%)
- United States42 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil21 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom13 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana9.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 19%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.6 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 157,200 | 54.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 81,600 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 39,200 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 8,400 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,600 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,455 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,522 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,155 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,495 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 17,850 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 17,064 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,885 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,756 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 12,527 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,279 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,480 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,453 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,828 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,591 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,568 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 5,432 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,423 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,306 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,772 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,735 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,787 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,223 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 3,070 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,789 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,977 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,841 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 1,629 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,430 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 926 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 905 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 882 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 621 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 440 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 235 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 34 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | France | 23 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 13 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (12,885 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,735 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (3,223 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,981 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.