Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 194 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (54%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway41 kt (est. 21%)United States36 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 16%)Brazil13 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom10 kt (est. 5%)Guyana7.8 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins27 kt (est. 14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude not from imports3.7 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)89 kt (46%)Netherlands104 kt (54%)Belgium: jet fuel supply194 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Norway41 kt (est. 21%)
- United States36 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil13 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom10 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana7.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins27 kt (est. 14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports3.7 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 104,400 | 53.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 89,200 | 46.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 23,300 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,935 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,745 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,666 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,297 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 14,365 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,697 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,243 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,900 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,802 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,471 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,084 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,741 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,959 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,839 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,288 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,742 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,470 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,741 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (5,959 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (3,742 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (56 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.