Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 266 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (22%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway58 kt (est. 22%)United States44 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 16%)Brazil18 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 6%)Guyana14 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom11 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins37 kt (est. 14%)Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data5.0 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports3.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)164 kt (62%)Netherlands97 kt (36%)Singapore5.0 kt (2%)Germany0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply266 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway58 kt (est. 22%)
- United States44 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil18 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana14 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom11 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins37 kt (est. 14%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.0 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports3.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 164,400 | 61.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 96,500 | 36.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 400 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,427 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,873 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,402 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,564 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,537 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 17,327 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,379 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,139 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13,278 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,056 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,984 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,227 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,903 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,905 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,231 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,397 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,459 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,708 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 125 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 62 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 58 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 53 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 40 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 39 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 11 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 6 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 6 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (10,984 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,231 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (3,459 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (110 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (39 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.