Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 319 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (34%) and Spain (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (19%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway61 kt (est. 19%)United States60 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 15%)Guyana25 kt (est. 8%)Brazil21 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria19 kt (est. 6%)Canada17 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins50 kt (est. 16%)Kuwait: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)China: no crude data4.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)175 kt (55%)Netherlands109 kt (34%)Spain23 kt (7%)Kuwait6.6 kt (2%)China4.9 kt (2%)Belgium: jet fuel supply319 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Kuwait
- China
- Norway61 kt (est. 19%)
- United States60 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 15%)
- Guyana25 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil21 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria19 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada17 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins50 kt (est. 16%)
- Kuwait: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data4.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 175,100 | 55.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 108,600 | 34.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 23,400 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 6,600 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 4,900 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,220 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,142 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,088 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 26,649 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,635 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,225 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,402 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,140 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,777 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,263 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,564 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,052 | 43.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,047 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,256 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,945 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 6,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,317 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 5,030 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 4,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 3,727 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,813 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,456 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 1,598 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,140 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 1,017 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 433 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 164 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (6,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (4,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (164 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.