Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Belgium's petrol supply was 351 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (22%) and France (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway73 kt (est. 21%)United States64 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 16%)Guyana33 kt (est. 9%)Brazil21 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria20 kt (est. 6%)Canada19 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins48 kt (est. 14%)Norway: no crude data6.5 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data5.1 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)243 kt (69%)Netherlands77 kt (22%)France18 kt (5%)Norway6.5 kt (2%)Singapore5.1 kt (1%)Germany0.9 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply351 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Norway
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway73 kt (est. 21%)
- United States64 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 16%)
- Guyana33 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil21 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria20 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada19 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins48 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway: no crude data6.5 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.1 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 243,300 | 69.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 77,400 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 18,100 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium: petrol supply | 6,500 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,100 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 900 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,274 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,883 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,808 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 32,841 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,595 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18,993 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,649 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 15,127 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,679 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,828 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,571 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,244 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 6,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,155 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,171 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,950 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,502 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 3,585 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,466 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,358 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,207 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,202 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | France | 581 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 545 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 340 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 333 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 198 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 143 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 140 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 128 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 87 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | France | 48 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 26 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 20 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 12 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 11 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Norway: no crude data (6,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,502 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (351 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (285 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.