Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 262 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (6%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 96% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.0 kt (est. 3%)Libya1.5 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.8 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported230 kt (88%)Russia: no crude data12 kt (5%)Serbia: no crude data4.5 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)230 kt (88%)Romania15 kt (6%)Russia12 kt (5%)Serbia4.5 kt (2%)Greece0.2 kt (<1%)Türkiye0.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply262 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan7.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported230 kt (88%)
- Russia: no crude data12 kt (5%)
- Serbia: no crude data4.5 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Total supply (Feb 2024)
262.3 thousand tonnes
100% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Official
Where it was refined
- Bulgaria (own refineries)230 kt (88%)
- Romania15 kt (6%)
- Russia12 kt (5%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 229,780 | 87.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 15,256 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 12,375 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 4,540 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 229,780 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 12,375 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 6,926 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 4,540 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 3,183 | 20.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,434 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 1,178 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 962 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 822 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania | 752 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 85 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 65 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 53 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 36 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 19 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 15 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13 | 57.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 7 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 5 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 5 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 2 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (229,780 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Russia: no crude data (12,375 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Serbia: no crude data (4,540 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (3,183 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (829 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (53 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.