Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 312 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 98% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan3.6 kt (est. 1%)Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.4 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)Côte d’Ivoire0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported284 kt (91%)Egypt: no crude data15 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)284 kt (91%)Egypt15 kt (5%)Romania7.1 kt (2%)Greece3.1 kt (<1%)Serbia2.6 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply312 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan3.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Côte d’Ivoire0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported284 kt (91%)
- Egypt: no crude data15 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2024)
410 tonnes
est. <1% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported0.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Romania0.3 kt (est. 64%)
- Greece0.1 kt (est. 34%)
- Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (est. 2%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 284,454 | 91.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Egypt | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 14,910 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 7,140 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 3,080 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,623 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 284,454 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 14,910 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,837 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,623 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,213 | 31.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 1,024 | 14.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 975 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 719 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 678 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 547 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 290 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 261 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 258 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 139 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 121 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 92 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Greece | 66 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 29 | 42.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 5 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Belgium | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (284,454 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (14,910 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,623 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,305 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,033 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.