Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 300 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (6%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 92% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq8.9 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 2%)Libya2.9 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.5 kt (est. <1%)Egypt0.9 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. <1%)United States0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported264 kt (88%)Russia: no crude data5.6 kt (2%)Serbia: no crude data3.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)264 kt (88%)Greece19 kt (6%)Romania7.6 kt (3%)Russia5.6 kt (2%)Serbia3.3 kt (1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply300 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Greece
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Iraq8.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya2.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Egypt0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported264 kt (88%)
- Russia: no crude data5.6 kt (2%)
- Serbia: no crude data3.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
5.6 thousand tonnes
2% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Russia: no crude data5.6 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 264,268 | 88.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 18,896 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 7,627 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,578 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 3,275 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 264,268 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,877 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 5,578 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 3,275 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,238 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,777 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,238 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,218 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt | Greece | 889 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 862 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 828 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 803 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 761 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 757 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 680 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 629 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 562 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 404 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (264,268 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Russia: no crude data (5,578 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Serbia: no crude data (3,275 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,218 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,563 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.