Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 267 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (8%) and Türkiye (5%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 91% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 4%)Russia3.8 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan2.7 kt (est. 1%)Libya2.2 kt (est. <1%)Iraq1.5 kt (est. <1%)Guyana1.1 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported213 kt (80%)Türkiye: no crude data14 kt (5%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.2 kt (3%)Romania: crude not from imports4.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)220 kt (82%)Romania21 kt (8%)Türkiye14 kt (5%)Hungary5.3 kt (2%)Greece4.9 kt (2%)Serbia2.0 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply267 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia3.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan2.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Guyana1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported213 kt (80%)
- Türkiye: no crude data14 kt (5%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.2 kt (3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2025)
219.7 thousand tonnes
82% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported213 kt (97%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.2 kt (3%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 219,735 | 82.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 20,622 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 14,457 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,301 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 4,855 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,006 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 212,577 | 96.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 14,457 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 9,715 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 7,158 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,168 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,797 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 2,598 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,006 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,483 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,407 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,158 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 1,116 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,038 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 937 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania | 930 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 839 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 694 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 404 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 260 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 140 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 93 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 50 | 71.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (212,577 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (14,457 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (7,158 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,168 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,006 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,081 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (839 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.