Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 320 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (5%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 95% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq5.1 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan3.9 kt (est. 1%)Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia2.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)Egypt0.5 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported270 kt (84%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports23 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data11 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)293 kt (91%)Greece16 kt (5%)Egypt11 kt (3%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply320 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Greece
- Egypt
- Belgium
- Iraq5.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan3.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Egypt0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported270 kt (84%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports23 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data11 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
2.2 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported2.2 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece2.2 kt (est. 100%)
- Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 293,138 | 91.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 16,336 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 10,962 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 269,794 | 92.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 23,344 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 10,962 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 5,078 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,921 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,039 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,170 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 637 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 470 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 353 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 350 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 320 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 22 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 6 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (269,794 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (23,344 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (10,962 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (354 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.