Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 328 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (6%), and 86% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq18 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 4%)Libya7.4 kt (est. 2%)Egypt2.3 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia1.9 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported263 kt (80%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.8 kt (2%)Turkmenistan: no crude data5.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)271 kt (82%)Greece42 kt (13%)Romania7.5 kt (2%)Turkmenistan5.3 kt (2%)Serbia3.0 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply328 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Greece
- Romania
- Turkmenistan
- Serbia
- Belgium
- Iraq18 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya7.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Egypt2.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia1.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported263 kt (80%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.8 kt (2%)
- Turkmenistan: no crude data5.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
7.8 thousand tonnes
2% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Bulgaria (own refineries)7.8 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 270,565 | 82.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 41,838 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 7,528 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Turkmenistan | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,256 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,963 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 262,748 | 97.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 18,163 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 10,343 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 7,817 | 2.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Greece | 6,667 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Turkmenistan: no crude data | Turkmenistan | 5,256 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,982 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,963 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,300 | 30.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt | Greece | 2,263 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,929 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,085 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 736 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 733 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 733 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 651 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 410 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 256 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 115 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12 | 52.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (262,748 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (7,817 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Turkmenistan: no crude data (5,256 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,963 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,300 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (412 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.