Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 223 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (12%) and Israel (10%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 96% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. 1%)Iraq1.7 kt (est. <1%)Libya1.1 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.5 kt (est. <1%)Guyana0.3 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported142 kt (64%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data27 kt (12%)Israel: no crude data22 kt (10%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports16 kt (7%)Azerbaijan: no crude data5.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknownless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)158 kt (71%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (12%)Israel22 kt (10%)Romania5.3 kt (2%)Azerbaijan5.1 kt (2%)Greece4.0 kt (2%)Gibraltar1.7 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply223 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Israel
- Romania
- Azerbaijan
- Greece
- Gibraltar
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq1.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Guyana0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported142 kt (64%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data27 kt (12%)
- Israel: no crude data22 kt (10%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports16 kt (7%)
- Azerbaijan: no crude data5.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknownless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Imports, origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 157,655 | 70.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 26,933 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 21,972 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,330 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,059 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 4,039 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Gibraltar | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 1,669 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 141,577 | 89.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 26,933 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 21,972 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 16,078 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan: no crude data | Azerbaijan | 5,059 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,196 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,746 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Gibraltar | 1,669 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 937 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 877 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 702 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 648 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 435 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 403 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 386 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 269 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 255 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 221 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 111 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 94 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 87 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 46 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (141,577 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (26,933 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (21,972 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (16,078 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Azerbaijan: no crude data (5,059 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,669 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (937 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (87 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (46 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (46 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.