Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 272 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (21%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 94% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.0 kt (est. 3%)Russia4.1 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. <1%)Libya1.3 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported181 kt (67%)Türkiye: no crude data57 kt (21%)Serbia: no crude data7.1 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data6.5 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)181 kt (67%)Türkiye57 kt (21%)Romania13 kt (5%)Serbia7.1 kt (3%)Egypt6.5 kt (2%)Hungary5.5 kt (2%)Greece1.1 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply272 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Romania
- Serbia
- Egypt
- Hungary
- Greece
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan7.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia4.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported181 kt (67%)
- Türkiye: no crude data57 kt (21%)
- Serbia: no crude data7.1 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data6.5 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2025)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Bulgaria's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 181,031 | 66.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 56,654 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 13,379 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 7,131 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,507 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,520 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 1,053 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 463 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 181,031 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 56,654 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 7,131 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 6,507 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 6,379 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 4,088 | 74.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 3,216 | 24.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,743 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,165 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 947 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 876 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 463 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 317 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 313 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 265 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 157 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 112 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 87 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 85 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 69 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 58 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 39 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 37 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 35 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 16 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 11 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (181,031 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (56,654 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Serbia: no crude data (7,131 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (6,507 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (3,216 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,015 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (463 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (463 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.