Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 328 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Russia (11%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 98% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.9 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.6 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.4 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)Egypt0.1 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported267 kt (81%)Russia: no crude data36 kt (11%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports9.1 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)276 kt (84%)Russia36 kt (11%)Türkiye6.6 kt (2%)Romania4.5 kt (1%)Serbia2.6 kt (<1%)Greece2.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply328 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Egypt0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported267 kt (81%)
- Russia: no crude data36 kt (11%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports9.1 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 276,048 | 84.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 36,268 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,566 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 4,516 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,636 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,116 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 266,993 | 96.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 36,268 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 9,055 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 6,566 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,636 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,561 | 56.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,168 | 25.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 880 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 584 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 318 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 294 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 241 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 124 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 107 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 106 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania | 99 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 75 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 73 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (266,993 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Russia: no crude data (36,268 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (9,055 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (6,566 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,636 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,168 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.