Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 182 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (9%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 95% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan5.8 kt (est. 3%)Libya1.4 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.3 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.7 kt (est. <1%)Oman0.5 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported165 kt (91%)Romania: crude not from imports4.6 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)165 kt (91%)Romania16 kt (9%)Serbia0.8 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply182 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Serbia
- Kazakhstan5.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Oman0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported165 kt (91%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.6 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 165,448 | 90.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 15,863 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 776 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 165,448 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 5,776 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,613 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 1,582 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,414 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 1,309 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 776 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 675 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman | Romania | 494 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (165,448 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,613 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,582 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (776 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.