Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 275 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (6%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 93% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq7.8 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan5.2 kt (est. 2%)Libya2.0 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.0 kt (est. <1%)Egypt0.8 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. <1%)United States0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported243 kt (88%)Russia: no crude data6.1 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)243 kt (88%)Greece16 kt (6%)Romania7.1 kt (3%)Russia6.1 kt (2%)Serbia2.3 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply275 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraq7.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan5.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya2.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Egypt0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported243 kt (88%)
- Russia: no crude data6.1 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 243,429 | 88.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 16,313 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 7,068 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,112 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,310 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 243,219 | 99.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 7,804 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 6,112 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,775 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,718 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,484 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,310 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,563 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,152 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 781 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 705 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 665 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 644 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 514 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 458 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 389 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Greece | 382 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 264 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 83 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10 | 42.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (243,219 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Russia: no crude data (6,112 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,775 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,310 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,096 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (474 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.