Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 306 kt: 86% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 94% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.1 kt (est. 2%)Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.6 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported253 kt (83%)Israel: no crude data11 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports8.9 kt (3%)Russia: no crude data6.2 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports3.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)262 kt (86%)Romania12 kt (4%)Greece12 kt (4%)Israel11 kt (4%)Russia6.2 kt (2%)Serbia2.8 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply306 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported253 kt (83%)
- Israel: no crude data11 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports8.9 kt (3%)
- Russia: no crude data6.2 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports3.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 262,187 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 12,089 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 11,835 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 10,798 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,190 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 2,812 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 253,330 | 96.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 10,798 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 8,857 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 6,190 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 5,108 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 4,897 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 3,877 | 32.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,812 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,031 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,620 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,611 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,361 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania | 635 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 626 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 615 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 524 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 443 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 324 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 252 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (253,330 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Israel: no crude data (10,798 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (8,857 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Russia: no crude data (6,190 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (3,877 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,812 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (524 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (254 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.