Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 262 kt: 85% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 93% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.8 kt (est. 3%)Iraq3.8 kt (est. 1%)Libya3.3 kt (est. 1%)Norway1.3 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.7 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported221 kt (85%)Russia: no crude data12 kt (5%)Serbia: no crude data5.0 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports3.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)221 kt (85%)Romania13 kt (5%)Russia12 kt (5%)Greece10 kt (4%)Serbia5.0 kt (2%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply262 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan7.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq3.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya3.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported221 kt (85%)
- Russia: no crude data12 kt (5%)
- Serbia: no crude data5.0 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports3.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 221,236 | 84.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 12,909 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 12,293 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 10,151 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 5,028 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 221,236 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 12,293 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 5,365 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 5,028 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 3,780 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 3,536 | 27.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,433 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,749 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,539 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 1,084 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,075 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania | 692 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 483 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 403 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 277 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 220 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 213 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 211 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 58 | 63.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 9 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (221,236 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Russia: no crude data (12,293 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Serbia: no crude data (5,028 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (3,536 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (219 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (211 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.