Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 162 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (10%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 91% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.2 kt (est. 4%)Libya2.3 kt (est. 1%)Norway1.4 kt (est. <1%)Russia1.4 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.9 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.6 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported142 kt (88%)Romania: crude not from imports4.5 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)142 kt (88%)Romania17 kt (10%)Hungary2.0 kt (1%)Serbia0.6 kt (<1%)Greece0.5 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply162 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Hungary
- Serbia
- Greece
- Kazakhstan7.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya2.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Russia1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported142 kt (88%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.5 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 142,270 | 87.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 16,600 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 2,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 626 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 496 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 142,270 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 6,899 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,547 | 27.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 2,249 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 1,394 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 1,360 | 68.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania | 890 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 626 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 621 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 379 | 18.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 185 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 167 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 119 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 94 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 75 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 72 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 14 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 11 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 10 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 10 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (142,270 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,547 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (626 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (389 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.