Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 153 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (8%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 92% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan5.9 kt (est. 4%)Russia2.6 kt (est. 2%)Libya1.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.0 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.6 kt (est. <1%)Croatia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported137 kt (89%)Romania: crude not from imports2.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)137 kt (89%)Romania13 kt (8%)Hungary3.4 kt (2%)Serbia0.5 kt (<1%)Greece0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply153 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Hungary
- Serbia
- Greece
- Kazakhstan5.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia2.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported137 kt (89%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 136,584 | 89.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 12,621 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 3,436 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 472 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 136,584 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 5,729 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,633 | 20.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 2,584 | 75.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,186 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 974 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 796 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 680 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania | 622 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 581 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 472 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 177 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 93 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 50 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 28 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 15 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 3 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 2 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 2 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (136,584 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,633 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (682 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (582 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (472 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.