Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Bulgaria's jet fuel supply was 23 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (14%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 86% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq1.0 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan0.8 kt (est. 3%)Libya0.6 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.4 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)Egypt0.1 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported18 kt (79%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports1.6 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknownless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)20 kt (86%)Greece3.2 kt (14%)Imports, origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: jet fuel supply23 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Greece
- Other (1)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan0.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya0.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Egypt0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported18 kt (79%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports1.6 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknownless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 19,535 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 3,244 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 23 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 17,979 | 92.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 1,556 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,008 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 779 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 603 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 431 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 127 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 93 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 70 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 70 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 63 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 23 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (17,979 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (1,556 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (70 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (23 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (23 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.