Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 140 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (5%), and 92% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.1 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 1%)Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.7 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)Canada0.4 kt (est. <1%)Côte d’Ivoire0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported119 kt (85%)Romania: crude not from imports4.0 kt (3%)Serbia: no crude data3.5 kt (2%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports1.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)120 kt (86%)Romania16 kt (12%)Serbia3.5 kt (2%)Greece0.2 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply140 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Serbia
- Greece
- Kazakhstan7.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Canada0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Côte d’Ivoire0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported119 kt (85%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.0 kt (3%)
- Serbia: no crude data3.5 kt (2%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports1.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 120,358 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 16,430 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 3,499 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 212 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 118,746 | 98.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 6,992 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,002 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 3,499 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 1,612 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,418 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 865 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 722 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania | 712 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 617 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania | 422 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania | 374 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 306 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 97 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 60 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 34 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 19 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (118,746 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,002 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (3,499 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (1,612 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (725 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.