Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Bulgaria's jet fuel supply was 25 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (13%) and Greece (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (7%), and 84% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 7%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. 2%)Libya0.4 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.4 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. 1%)Congo0.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. 1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported19 kt (76%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports0.9 kt (4%)Romania: crude not from imports0.8 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)20 kt (80%)Romania3.4 kt (13%)Greece1.7 kt (7%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: jet fuel supply25 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Greece
- Belgium
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Congo0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported19 kt (76%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports0.9 kt (4%)
- Romania: crude not from imports0.8 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 20,266 | 79.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 3,403 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 1,659 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 31 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 19,377 | 95.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,450 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 889 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 773 | 22.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 592 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 424 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 295 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 230 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 225 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 182 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 174 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 157 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania | 147 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 144 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 122 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 87 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 39 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 21 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 12 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (19,377 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (889 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (773 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (182 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.