Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 101 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports from Romania (13%) and Serbia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (5%), and 91% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan5.5 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan2.1 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)Canada0.4 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.3 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported75 kt (74%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.9 kt (8%)Serbia: no crude data5.2 kt (5%)Romania: crude not from imports3.0 kt (3%)Romania: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)83 kt (82%)Romania13 kt (13%)Serbia5.2 kt (5%)Bulgaria: petrol supply101 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Serbia
- Kazakhstan5.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Canada0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported75 kt (74%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports7.9 kt (8%)
- Serbia: no crude data5.2 kt (5%)
- Romania: crude not from imports3.0 kt (3%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 82,787 | 81.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 13,468 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 5,244 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 74,892 | 90.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 7,895 | 9.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 5,460 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 5,244 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 3,012 | 22.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 2,118 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania | 1,224 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Romania | 894 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania | 417 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 343 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (74,892 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (7,895 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (5,244 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (3,012 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (1,224 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.