Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 164 kt: 90% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (7%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 95% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan4.9 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.6 kt (est. <1%)Congo0.5 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.4 kt (est. <1%)Canada0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported147 kt (89%)Serbia: no crude data4.4 kt (3%)Romania: crude not from imports2.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)148 kt (90%)Romania12 kt (7%)Serbia4.4 kt (3%)Bulgaria: petrol supply164 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Serbia
- Kazakhstan4.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Congo0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Canada0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported147 kt (89%)
- Serbia: no crude data4.4 kt (3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 148,000 | 90.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 11,700 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 4,391 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 146,603 | 99.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 4,909 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 4,391 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,160 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 1,567 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,489 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 1,397 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 622 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania | 506 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 386 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania | 60 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (146,603 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Serbia: no crude data (4,391 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,567 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,397 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.