Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 130 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (9%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 90% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan5.8 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 1%)United States1.2 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.8 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.8 kt (est. <1%)Guyana0.6 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported107 kt (82%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports3.6 kt (3%)Serbia: no crude data3.5 kt (3%)Romania: crude not from imports2.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)110 kt (85%)Romania11 kt (9%)Netherlands4.6 kt (4%)Serbia3.5 kt (3%)Georgia0.2 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply130 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Netherlands
- Serbia
- Georgia
- Kazakhstan5.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- United States1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Guyana0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported107 kt (82%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports3.6 kt (3%)
- Serbia: no crude data3.5 kt (3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 110,169 | 85.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 11,251 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 4,557 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 3,457 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 181 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 106,580 | 96.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 5,300 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 3,589 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 3,457 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,274 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,417 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,194 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,038 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 787 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 632 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 609 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 531 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 511 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 509 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 507 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 280 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 212 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Bulgaria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Georgia | 181 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 6 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (106,580 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (3,589 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (3,457 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,274 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (791 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (181 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.