Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Bulgaria's road diesel supply was 97 kt: 16% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (52%), Romania (16%) and Egypt (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (9%), and 80% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan8.7 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. 3%)Libya2.0 kt (est. 2%)Russia1.9 kt (est. 2%)Iraq1.8 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.8 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. <1%)Türkiye: no crude data50 kt (52%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported14 kt (15%)Egypt: no crude data6.2 kt (6%)Romania: crude not from imports4.2 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (1%)Serbia: no crude data1.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)15 kt (16%)Türkiye50 kt (52%)Romania15 kt (16%)Egypt6.2 kt (6%)Greece6.1 kt (6%)Slovakia1.3 kt (1%)Serbia1.1 kt (1%)Hungary0.9 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: road diesel supply97 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Türkiye
- Romania
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Egypt
- Greece
- Slovakia
- Serbia
- Hungary
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan8.7 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya2.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Türkiye: no crude data50 kt (52%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported14 kt (15%)
- Egypt: no crude data6.2 kt (6%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.2 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (1%)
- Serbia: no crude data1.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 50,399 | 52.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 15,430 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 15,213 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Egypt | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,167 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 6,099 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 1,275 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 1,147 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: road diesel supply | 900 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 50,399 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 14,382 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 7,086 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 6,167 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,219 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 2,343 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,795 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,563 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,244 | 97.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 1,147 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,105 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 870 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 831 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 697 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 634 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 540 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 372 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 337 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 238 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 220 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 206 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 181 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 35 | 50.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 22 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 17 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 14 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Bulgaria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (50,399 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (14,382 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (6,167 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,219 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,363 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (1,147 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.