Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Bulgaria's jet fuel supply was 0.1 kt: 19% from its own refineries, with imports from Greece (81%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (24%), Kazakhstan (21%) and Libya (15%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. 24%)Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 21%)Libyaless than 0.1 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. 8%)Norwayless than 0.1 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijanless than 0.1 kt (est. 3%)Canadaless than 0.1 kt (est. 2%)Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. 1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (18%)Greece: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)less than 0.1 kt (19%)Greece0.1 kt (81%)Bulgaria: jet fuel supply0.1 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. 24%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 21%)
- Libyaless than 0.1 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Norwayless than 0.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijanless than 0.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Canadaless than 0.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (18%)
- Greece: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 100 | 80.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 24 | 19.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece | 29 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 26 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 23 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 18 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 10 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece | 6 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 4 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 3 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Greece | 2 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 1 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (23 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Greece: crude not from imports (6 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.