Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 36 kt: 18% from its own refineries, with imports from Romania (55%), Serbia (15%) and Hungary (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%), the Russia (9%) and Azerbaijan (9%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 25%)Russia3.3 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan3.1 kt (est. 9%)Libya1.1 kt (est. 3%)Norway0.7 kt (est. 2%)Guyana0.5 kt (est. 1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (17%)Romania: crude not from imports5.4 kt (15%)Serbia: no crude data5.3 kt (15%)Hungary: crude not from imports0.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)6.4 kt (18%)Romania20 kt (55%)Serbia5.3 kt (15%)Hungary4.3 kt (12%)Bulgaria: petrol supply36 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Serbia
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 25%)
- Russia3.3 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan3.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya1.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Guyana0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (17%)
- Romania: crude not from imports5.4 kt (15%)
- Serbia: no crude data5.3 kt (15%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports0.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 19,643 | 55.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 6,434 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 5,266 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 4,303 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 9,021 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 6,083 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 5,371 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 5,266 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,333 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 2,982 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,108 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary | 863 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 687 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 474 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 351 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 106 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Bulgaria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (6,083 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (5,371 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (5,266 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (863 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (351 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.