Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 101 kt: 92% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Serbia (5%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 98% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported94 kt (92%)Serbia: no crude data5.2 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)94 kt (92%)Serbia5.2 kt (5%)Romania2.4 kt (2%)Greece0.2 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply101 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Serbia
- Romania
- Greece
- Poland
- Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported94 kt (92%)
- Serbia: no crude data5.2 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 93,542 | 92.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 5,171 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 2,364 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 153 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 93,542 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 5,171 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,127 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 568 | 24.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 308 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 206 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 155 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 46 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 38 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 23 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 16 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 10 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Poland | 9 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Bulgaria split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 9 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Bulgaria split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 6 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 5 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 5 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 4 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Bulgaria split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 2 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (93,542 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Serbia: no crude data (5,171 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (578 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.