Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Bulgaria's jet fuel supply was 40 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 98% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported37 kt (91%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports2.1 kt (5%)Serbia: no crude data0.8 kt (2%)Bulgaria (own refineries)39 kt (96%)Greece0.8 kt (2%)Serbia0.8 kt (2%)Bulgaria: jet fuel supply40 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Greece
- Serbia
- Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported37 kt (91%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports2.1 kt (5%)
- Serbia: no crude data0.8 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 38,796 | 96.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 818 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 811 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 36,674 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 2,122 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 811 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 237 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 216 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 128 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 107 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 75 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 36 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 20 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (36,674 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (2,122 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Serbia: no crude data (811 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.