Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Bulgaria's petrol supply was 154 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Romania (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (6%), and 90% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan9.3 kt (est. 6%)Libya2.1 kt (est. 1%)Norway1.4 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan1.1 kt (est. <1%)Guyana0.6 kt (est. <1%)Côte d’Ivoire0.6 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported133 kt (87%)Serbia: no crude data2.5 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports2.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria (own refineries)133 kt (87%)Romania17 kt (11%)Serbia2.5 kt (2%)Greece0.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria: petrol supply154 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Serbia
- Greece
- Kazakhstan9.3 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Guyana0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Côte d’Ivoire0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported133 kt (87%)
- Serbia: no crude data2.5 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 133,320 | 86.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 17,429 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 2,451 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: petrol supply | 411 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 133,320 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 9,222 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 2,451 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,411 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 2,063 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 1,333 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,107 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 649 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania | 574 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 162 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 84 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 70 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 67 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 48 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 23 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 18 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 9 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (133,320 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Serbia: no crude data (2,451 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.