Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Bulgaria's jet fuel supply was 18 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports from Romania (11%) and Greece (6%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 87% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan0.9 kt (est. 5%)Guyana0.3 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. 1%)Libya0.3 kt (est. 1%)Iraq0.2 kt (est. 1%)Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. 1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported15 kt (84%)Romania: crude not from imports0.6 kt (3%)Bulgaria (own refineries)15 kt (84%)Romania1.9 kt (11%)Greece1.1 kt (6%)Bulgaria: jet fuel supply18 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Bulgaria (own refineries)
- Romania
- Greece
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria (own refineries) | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 15,360 | 83.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 1,948 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria: jet fuel supply | 1,052 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria (own refineries) | 15,360 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 662 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 618 | 31.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Romania | 267 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 259 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 229 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 219 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 176 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 156 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 127 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 103 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 79 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 63 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Greece | 25 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Bulgaria split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Bulgaria’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (15,360 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (618 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.