Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 245 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Italy (51%), Slovenia (20%) and Greece (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (11%), Libya (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq28 kt (est. 11%)Libya26 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 7%)United States16 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria8.3 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia7.1 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins24 kt (est. 10%)Slovenia: no refinery50 kt (20%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported33 kt (14%)Italy: crude not from imports8.0 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Italy126 kt (51%)Slovenia50 kt (20%)Greece35 kt (14%)Bulgaria33 kt (14%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply245 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraq28 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya26 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 7%)
- United States16 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria8.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia7.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins24 kt (est. 10%)
- Slovenia: no refinery50 kt (20%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported33 kt (14%)
- Italy: crude not from imports8.0 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2024)
23.8 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported24 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy21 kt (est. 88%)
- Greece2.7 kt (est. 11%)
- Hungary0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 125,956 | 51.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 50,010 | 20.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 35,071 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 33,494 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 50,010 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 33,494 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 21,032 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 20,808 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 16,348 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 14,706 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 14,533 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 13,058 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 12,114 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,405 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 8,004 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,562 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 5,673 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,317 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 5,177 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,655 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,394 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,076 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 958 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 744 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 736 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 728 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 114 | 72.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 30 | 18.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 13 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (50,010 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (33,494 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (8,004 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (5,177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (758 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (736 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.