Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Croatia's road diesel supply was 257 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports from Italy (25%), Slovenia (24%) and Greece (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (23%), Libya (16%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan59 kt (est. 23%)Libya41 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 13%)Côte d’Ivoire10 kt (est. 4%)Iraq10 kt (est. 4%)United States8.6 kt (est. 3%)Guyana6.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery61 kt (24%)Italy: crude not from imports8.2 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)116 kt (45%)Italy65 kt (25%)Slovenia61 kt (24%)Greece15 kt (6%)Croatia: road diesel supply257 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Azerbaijan59 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya41 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 13%)
- Côte d’Ivoire10 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq10 kt (est. 4%)
- United States8.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Guyana6.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery61 kt (24%)
- Italy: crude not from imports8.2 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
16.3 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported16 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy15 kt (est. 89%)
- Greece1.8 kt (est. 11%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 115,700 | 45.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 65,100 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 60,500 | 23.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 15,400 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 60,500 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 48,570 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 24,767 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 23,788 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,566 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14,336 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Croatia (own refineries) | 10,395 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 9,465 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 8,587 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 8,247 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 6,659 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,450 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Croatia (own refineries) | 6,056 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,449 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,342 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,472 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 2,124 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,753 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 842 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 331 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (60,500 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (8,247 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,124 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (331 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.