Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 312 kt: less than 1% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (63%), Slovenia (16%) and Bulgaria (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (12%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya38 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 8%)United States20 kt (est. 7%)Iraq16 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins24 kt (est. 8%)Slovenia: no refinery50 kt (16%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported27 kt (9%)Switzerland: no crude data24 kt (8%)Italy: crude not from imports20 kt (6%)Egypt: no crude data10.0 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)less than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy196 kt (63%)Slovenia50 kt (16%)Bulgaria29 kt (9%)Switzerland24 kt (8%)Egypt10.0 kt (3%)Bosnia and Herzegovina2.6 kt (<1%)Türkiye0.3 kt (<1%)Hungary0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply312 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- Switzerland
- Egypt
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Other (1)
- Libya38 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 8%)
- United States20 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq16 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins24 kt (est. 8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery50 kt (16%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported27 kt (9%)
- Switzerland: no crude data24 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude not from imports20 kt (6%)
- Egypt: no crude data10.0 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Total supply (Mar 2024)
311.9 thousand tonnes
100% of Croatia's road diesel supply
Official
Where it was refined
- Italy196 kt (63%)
- Slovenia50 kt (16%)
- Bulgaria29 kt (9%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 196,462 | 63.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 49,579 | 15.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 28,813 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Croatia: road diesel supply | 24,108 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Croatia: road diesel supply | 9,962 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia: road diesel supply | 2,574 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 49,579 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Italy | 37,805 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 27,201 | 94.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 26,984 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 25,636 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 24,178 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 24,108 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy | 20,499 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 20,111 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 15,946 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 11,916 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 10,057 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 9,962 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 3,330 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2,574 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,612 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 309 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 89 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 20 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 6 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 6 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Croatia (own refineries) | 3 | 32.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (49,579 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (27,201 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Switzerland: no crude data (24,108 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (20,111 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (9,962 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (3,330 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,883 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,631 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.