Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Croatia's road diesel supply was 262 kt: 4% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (74%) and Slovenia (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (14%), Libya (12%) and Iraq (10%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan35 kt (est. 14%)Libya32 kt (est. 12%)Iraq26 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 9%)United States22 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins33 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery45 kt (17%)Italy: crude not from imports9.8 kt (4%)Italy: crude origin not reported9.4 kt (4%)Croatia: crude not from imports5.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)11 kt (4%)Italy194 kt (74%)Slovenia45 kt (17%)Greece11 kt (4%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply262 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan35 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya32 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 9%)
- United States22 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins33 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery45 kt (17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports9.8 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported9.4 kt (4%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports5.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
22.3 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported22 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy20 kt (est. 91%)
- Greece1.9 kt (est. 9%)
- Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 194,489 | 74.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 45,209 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 11,217 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 10,570 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 45,209 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 30,842 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 30,525 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 30,282 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 21,334 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 20,802 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 20,394 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 11,191 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 9,889 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 9,806 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 9,425 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 5,286 | 50.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,841 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 4,277 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,925 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,290 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia (own refineries) | 1,007 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 851 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 583 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 497 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 446 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 307 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 239 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 238 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 173 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 26 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 14 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (45,209 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (9,806 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (9,425 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (5,286 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (523 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (239 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.